29 December 2017

Eco-Technology and the Resource Wars: Congo and Afghanistan

Below is a link to a brief video clip from Al Jazeera's business programme 'Counting the Cost'. There have actually been a lot of stories and reports about Cobalt, Lithium and the costs of supporting the new tech economy but I wonder how many people know or care?
I don't believe it's something that gets a lot of attention in the mainstream press.
But what to do? I don't know, but it just adds another layer to the moral component of technology... the aspects and questions of the debate that few seem to wrestle with. Not only are there ethical implications for how we use technology but we should also consider the sources and the larger question of human cost.


One is obviously reminded of the Blood Diamond controversy (or the slavery related Sugar dispute of an earlier era) and the attempts to ensure that the diamonds entering the consumer market have been legitimately sourced. Whether this has been a success or not is open for debate. Will such efforts prove successful when it comes to Cobalt and Lithium? I don't know but it would seem the stakes are much higher than engagement rings. The economics of supply and demand are different and additionally there's no cartel controlling the flow of goods into the market. Instead this is an almost free-for-all bonanza and its getting quickly entangled in the new Cold War.
The politics of Central Africa are quite complicated. There was trouble when the Belgians pulled out of the Congo back in 1960. They had been largely after the rubber but even then there was great trouble in the Eastern provinces (like Kivu and Katanga) which border the Great Rift Valley. Today the troubles of the area are brought into contact with America's regional proxies of Uganda and Rwanda. Both nations have been involved in the Congo conflicts which exploded once again in the wake of the 1994 Rwanda Genocide. After the toppling of Mobutu, two horrific Congo Wars, and millions of deaths, the fighting subsided in the West of the country but it has never really stopped in the East... where the majority of the mines are. Of course it's not just Cobalt. There's Uranium and other resources as well.
Everyone is vying for control of the resources and the civilians of the region are caught in the middle. Various militia groups run bandit mines to fund their conflicts. Others are backed by larger powers and want control of the mines... for revenue, resource extraction and to deny others from getting their hands on the goods.
Uganda recently sent troops into Eastern Congo on a joint mission with the Congolese government. You can be sure the United States will be providing support. Unknown to most of the American public the US military has thousands of forces spread out across Africa. There's really a series of low and medium scale wars being waged across the continent. The US is right in the thick of it. It was never mentioned in the presidential campaigns and the congress has not addressed it.
The War on Terror 2.0 (as I call it), born in the wake of the Arab Spring and the rise of ISIS is the formal justification. But like the War on Drugs in Latin America, it's largely pretense. It's the official line but what the war is really about is very simple... empire. It's about control over the politics and resources of the world and in this case Sub-Saharan Africa. On another level the African theatre is a proxy war with China and a growing number of forces that wish to oppose US policy. The French are involved, sometimes an ally, always a rival, sometimes allied with adversaries. Nothing has changed. In addition to the political goals there are tremendous amounts of money at stake and not a few are involved for that reason alone. There are always the mercenaries, some hired by governments, some by corporations. Many are disgruntled White South Africans and the scions of Rhodesia and other failed European colonies. The British and the Belgians still have an interest in the region too.
The US is providing logistical support, intelligence and training. This allows arms to be sold and relationships to be established with the militaries of the various countries. The ranking brass are wined and dined, given trips to America and brought into the Pentagon sphere. They can be relied upon at later dates. The US forces are involved in operations reminiscent of the Vietnam era Phoenix Program ... surgical strikes, assassinations and yet they leave the day-to-day 'grunt' work to the various official armies. They just stand in the background and 'advise', send in airstrikes, drones and provide intelligence. It's an old story and yet the US government has learned a few lessons from the past and they're keeping things pretty quiet. Obviously when something spectacular happens like the recent debacle in Niger that makes the news.
But notice, the story was never really about what US troops were doing in Niger or the extent of their footprint in the Lake Chad area. Instead it shifted to the dramatic circumstances of the deaths and Trump's mishandling of it. The fact that the US is involved in Niger and the larger African project? That's not really on the table. Apparently not even for the rubber-stamp US Congress.
And as to the behaviour of the forces trained by the US, as the previously linked Washington Post article discusses, their conduct is also in keeping with historical patterns. These sorts of atrocities are always committed by US trained proxies. In another hemisphere the US run School of the Americas has a dismal record in this regard. Insiders have long admitted these behaviours are all but encouraged. It's part of what war is and degenerates into. The hero-myth presented to the public is just that...a myth, a lie. There's no honour in this business, especially when it turns into a nasty paramilitary struggle in the bush. It always turns brutal and brutish.
And American soldiers behave the same way. They did in Vietnam. They've done so in Iraq and Afghanistan. As part of the 'nation building' propaganda campaign commanders have tried to reign in some of the behaviour and at this point US troops operate out of isolated compounds. They're not conducting extended field operations like what was happening in Vietnam and the first phase of the Iraq War. The soldiers have limited contact with the civilians.
Sorry to keep repeating myself, but it's nothing new. Even during World War II, while we all know about how the Nazi and Soviet soldiers behaved, few know about the atrocious conduct of Western soldiers. They raped, killed and stole too and on a massive scale. That's war. It's just something that most people don't want to reckon with. Those that do, explain it away by means of quantification. The other guys did it 'more' than our guys. It was just a few 'bad apples'. That seems to make them feel better.
US involvement in Afghanistan is bigger than just controlling the resources. There are serious geopolitical goals connected to controlling Central Asia and blocking the influence of nations like Russia, China and Iran. Afghanistan remains critical to a larger pipeline scheme related to the double landlocked nations of Central Asia. The reports began to flow out some years ago about Afghanistan's potential mineral wealth. This was just fuel added to an already burning fire.... another reason to maintain control over the volatile and almost impossible nation which straddles several geopolitical spheres. The story faded until recently. And yet the demand for Lithium continues to grow. It's the future of high performance batteries. From power tools turning from Nickel-Cadmium to Lithium, to mobile phones and electric cars, Lithium is the future. Much of the world's supply is found in South America and yet the US would like to control the Afghan reserve... and the part of the story that's always downplayed, keep others from getting their hands on it.
This is the part about American Energy Independence that the pro-drilling folks don't seem to understand. Just because American might no longer require Middle Eastern oil does not mean they're going to just walk away and let the Chinese and others get it. They want to control it, not just to have it... but to keep others from getting it.
At this point the US has all but given up on the possibility of a clear victory. They're keeping troops there just so others won't be able to move in. In the meantime they hope that through wheeling and dealing they can effect stability. That's what Afghanistan continues to lack and thus is all but closed to serious investment. The Taliban, a nebulous title now belonging to several groups, few of which have much of a connection to the Mullah Omar group ousted in 2001 have survived and at this point Washington is willing to cut a deal with them. And yet there are forces in the West which oppose this, forces in Afghanistan that continue to resist such an agreement as well as forces within the various Islamic movements. ISIS is also on the scene which has changed some of the dynamics within the larger Taliban spectrum.
A real peace deal would probably lead to Afghanistan's partition, something that (it could be argued) already is a de facto reality. But a diplomatic settlement would make it official and this would make governance difficult and potentially set the stage for a new phase of civil war. This time other players, Russia, China, Iran, Pakistan, India etc. would all get involved supporting the various sides. It could take a bad situation and make it much worse.
How many Afghans long for the days before the 1973 Afghan coup? When the king was overthrown and Afghanistan became a republic, it started a chain of events. The communists came to power in 1978 and the US worked to destabilise the country and entice the Soviet invasion of 1979. Decades later and with millions dead, the battle rages on. A whole society and now generations have been destroyed. There's plenty of blame to go around. Increasingly I reflect on those who would seek to overthrow governments and rise up gun in hand. How little they count the cost and how quickly it spirals out of control, far beyond the boundaries of what they could have even conceived.
In the West, as the Al Jazeera video seems to hint at, there's a kind of absurdity at work. I immediately thought of one of my customers who has an electric car. I actually ran the sub-panel and wired up the charging station for them in the garage. This person is environmentally conscientious and yet has also spent a career affiliated with the US military. They want to feel good about themselves with regard to stewarding the Earth and yet seem blind to the larger implications of their consumer lifestyle and the impact and effect of the organisations (and the system) they serve.
I remember the mindset. I encountered it on a regular basis. Now, it may have changed somewhat after 9/11. I will grant that. I've been out of the military (praise God) for over twenty years now. But when I was in that unfortunate and cultic organisation the mindset was to keep your head down and not question things. The mission is right because it's ordered. It's that simple.
As far as consumerism goes, I continue to be astounded by what I see in people's homes. The levels of 'stuff' and the wealth that has been poured into it continues to amaze. A lot of middle class people have thousands of dollars of junk sitting around, all too often in stacks and piles. There's a moral component to this in terms of their own hearts. But there's also a price being paid by the larger world.
I'm hardly opposed to electric vehicles and yet I continue to grow concerned with regard to the regulation of everything and the way in which technology is overtaking every aspect of life. We all know the modern car is essentially a computer on wheels but the new technologies are invading the simplest of functions and people are becoming slavishly dependent upon them. I am in the minority who don't believe self-driving cars are going to become a reality. Like their reductionist view of humanity these cutting-edge 'thinkers' have a woefully impoverished understanding of the complexity of driving and how our minds work when going about such tasks.
Recently there was some regional press regarding Uber's testing of driverless vehicles in Pittsburgh. If you've ever been to Pittsburgh you'll understand why they chose it as a testing ground.  In addition to becoming the Silicon Valley of the East, the downtown is chaotic. The traffic might be worse in places like Southern California, Washington DC or Manhattan but Pittsburgh defies maps. Many GPS programs fail to work leaving modern drivers in a panic. The layout is chaotic and multi-layered. It's a fascinating but difficult place to drive in unless you know your way around. I can do it but it can be frustrating. I think Pittsburgh can be tougher than any of the aforementioned places. That's just my opinion based on my own experiences but everyone agrees downtown Pittsburgh is tricky. The Uber cars can't even go a mile without the back-up driver having to take over or intervene. They are light-years away from self-driving cars becoming a reality and many believe (as do I) that it will never happen.
Having been on the streets of Naples Italy I cannot even imagine a self-driving car functioning in such an environment. I think the thing would end up just frozen in a state of digital paralysis. I've never been to India or Africa but driving in Naples was the craziest thing I have ever seen in my life.
I bring up self-driving cars only to say this. The whole impetus behind the project is to save lives. The tech-sector is convinced that computers will drive better than humans... who it must be admitted are more distracted than ever... and that self-driving cars will save lives. Well, they're wrong and additionally I think they're delusional.
But the real irony here is that while everyone is enthralled with these technologies, the cost of their manufacture is quite literally costing lives. The Western machine is feeding on the life-blood of the 'lesser' peoples. Are they missing the forest through the trees? I think so.

It is but one in a larger set of questions to think about.

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